Basic Commands

################# Basic Command ####################


1)To print working directory.
#pwd

2)To listen the file.
#ls

options.
ls -l or ll --> with attributes.
   -a  --> with hidden files.
   -r  --> reverse order.
   -il --> with inode number.
   -ld --> to listen perticuler file & directory attributes.
   -R  --> show the list of files in tree structure.

To create a files.

We can create a files by using three methods.

1)cat
2)touch
3)vi editors



################## CAT COMMAND.###########################


To create & display the files.
#cat

#cat > ram  --> (>)To creat a file.
ctrl+d  (save & exit)

#cat ram    --> To display

#cat >> ram --> (>>)To append or edit(no remove) the file.

*To transfer the contents of file1 & file2 to file3.
#cat ram sham >> raj



################## TOUCH COMMAND ###########################


*To create a file with zero bytes as well as to change the time
stamp of file or directory.

#touch karan      --> create single file.
#touch 11 22 33   --> create multiple files.

#touch (existing file name) for change the time stamp.
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 40591 Mar  3 02:25 avera1 --> before implementing touch command.

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 40591 Mar  3 22:25 avera1 --> after implementing touch command.



###################### VI EDITOR ##############################


*Editors are used for inserting or deleting text.
• Windows          : Notepad
• DOS              : Edit
• Linux/Unix
   – CLI based     : EX , ED , VI
   – GUI based     : Emacs, Gedit, nedit, nano, pico

*There are three modes of operations in VI Editor :
• Insert Mode
• Command Mode
• Execute Mode

1)How to get into Insert Mode?

i - inserts the text at current cursor position
I - inserts the text at beginning of line
a - appends the text after current cursor position
A - appends the text at end of line
o - inserts a line below current cursor position
O - inserts a line above current cursor position
r - replace a single char at current cursor position
      

2)At Execute Mode.

:q       - quit without saving
:q!      - quit forcefully without saving
:w       - save
:wq      - save & quit
:wq!     - save & quit forcefully
:x       - save & quit
Shift+ZZ - save & quit
:sh      - Provides temporary shell
:set number   - Setting line numbers
:se nu        - Setting line numbers
:set nonumber - Removing line numbers
:se nonu      - Removing line numbers
:84           - Press enter goes to line 84


3)How to get insert mode & execute mode into command mode.

Press ESCAPE key.

*Delete/Copy/Paste/Undo in command mode.

dd     - Deletes a line
2dd    - Deletes 2 lines
yy     - Copy a line
2yy    - Copies 2 lines
p      - After deleting or copying, by pressing
         ‘p’ the deleted or copied contents will
         be pasted below the position of cursor.
u      - Undo (can undo 1000 times)
Ctrl+r - Redo
G      - Moves cursor to last line of file
5G     - Moves cursor to 5th line of file



########################################################


*To create a directory.
#mkdir amar

*To create multyple directory.
#mkdir aa bb cc

*To create nested directories
#mkdir -p a1/a2/a3


##########################################################


Navigation of Directories.
1)To change the directory
#cd

#cd /root/Desktop   --> example.

2)To change directory one level back.
#cd..

3)To change directory two levels back.
#cd ../..

4)To change directory to last working directory.
#cd -

5)To change directory to home directory.
#cd ~ (or) cd


#############################################################


*Removing a File or Directory.

*To remove a file.
#rm avera1  -->(file name).

To remove empty directory.
#rmdir raj  --> (directory name).

To remove directory recursively and forcefully.
#rm -rf vinay  --> directory name.


#############################################################


*Copying a File or Directory.

*To copy a file.
#cp

#cp /root/Desktop/raj /karan   --> example.

To copy a directory.
#cp –r

#cp -r /dev/cdrom/nic /usr     --> example.


#############################################################


*Moving / Renaming a File or Directory.

To move a file/dir to a different location.
#mv


To rename file/dir move at same location.
#mv


By Laxman D. Kadam

Ph. No. 9967413230

email:-vikasjk3@gmail.com